Nederlandse richtlijn voor colorectaal carcinoom.

Amatu A, Patelli G, Zampino MG, et al. Total neoadjuvant therapy followed by non-operative management or surgery in stage II-III rectal cancer (NO-CUT): a multicentre, single-arm, phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2025;26(12):1612-1625. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(25)00542-X

Bach SP. STAR-TREC: An International Three-arm Multicentre, Partially Randomised Controlled Trial Incorporating an External Pilot. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2023;35(2):e107-e109. doi:10.1016/j.clon.2022.12.006

Bahadoer RR, Dijkstra EA, van Etten B, et al. Short-course radiotherapy followed by chemotherapy before total mesorectal excision (TME) versus preoperative chemoradiotherapy, TME, and optional adjuvant chemotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer (RAPIDO): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2021;22(1):29-42. doi:10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30555-6

Baron D, Pace Loscos T, Schiappa R, Barbet N, Dost E, Ben Dhia S, Soltani S, Mineur L, Martel I, Horn S, Picardi C, Stewart A, Cotte E, Coquard R, Baudin G, Evesque L, Dhadda A, Sun Myint A, Gérard JP, Doyen J; ICONE group. A phase III randomised trial on the addition of a contact X-ray brachytherapy boost to standard neoadjuvant chemo-radiotherapy for organ preservation in early rectal adenocarcinoma: 5 year results of the OPERA trial. Ann Oncol. 2025 Feb;36(2):208-215. doi: 10.1016/j.annonc.2024.10.827. Epub 2024 Nov 10. PMID: 39532203.

Conroy T, Castan F, Etienne PL, et al. Total neoadjuvant therapy with mFOLFIRINOX versus preoperative chemoradiotherapy in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer: long-term results of the UNICANCER-PRODIGE 23 trial. Ann Oncol. 2024;35(10):873-881. doi:10.1016/j.annonc.2024.06.019

Custers PA, van der Sande ME, Grotenhuis BA, et al. Long-term Quality of Life and Functional Outcome of Patients With Rectal Cancer Following a Watch-and-Wait Approach. JAMA Surg. 2023;158(5):e230146. doi:10.1001/jamasurg.2023.0146

Deijen, C.L., Tsai, A., Koedam, T.W.A. et al. Clinical outcomes and case volume effect of transanal total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer: a systematic review. Tech Coloproctol 20, 811–824 (2016).

Dekkers N, Boonstra JJ, Moons LMG, Hompes R, Bastiaansen BA, Tuynman JB, Koch AD, Weusten BLAM, Pronk A, Neijenhuis PA, Westerterp M, van den Hout WB, Langers AMJ, van der Kraan J, Alkhalaf A, Lai JYL, Ter Borg F, Fabry H, Halet E, Schwartz MP, Nagengast WB, Straathof JWA, Ten Hove RWR, Oterdoom LH, Hoff C, Belt EJT, Zimmerman DDE, Hadithi M, Morreau H, de Cuba EMV, Leijtens JWA, Vasen HFA, van Leerdam ME, de Graaf EJR, Doornebosch PG, Hardwick JCH. Transanal minimally invasive surgery (TAMIS) versus endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) for resection of non-pedunculated rectal lesions (TRIASSIC study): study protocol of a European multicenter randomised controlled trial. BMC Gastroenterol. 2020 Jul 13;20(1):225. doi: 10.1186/s12876-020-01367-z. PMID: 32660488;

Gerard JP, Barbet N, Schiappa R, Magné N, Martel I, Mineur L, Deberne M, Zilli T, Dhadda A, Myint AS; ICONE group. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy with radiation dose escalation with contact x-ray brachytherapy boost or external beam radiotherapy boost for organ preservation in early cT2-cT3 rectal adenocarcinoma (OPERA): a phase 3, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023 Apr;8(4):356-367. doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(22)00392-2. Epub 2023 Feb 16. PMID: 36801007.

Geubels BM, Grotenhuis BA, van den Esschert AJ, Lambregts DMJ, Maas M, Marijnen CAM, Beets-Tan RGH, Beets GL; Dutch Watch-and-Wait consortium. National implementation of Watch-and-Wait in patients with rectal cancer. Br J Surg. 2025 Mar 28;112(4):znaf040. doi: 10.1093/bjs/znaf040. PMID: 40177815.

Liu, H., Zeng, Z., Zhang, H., Wu, M., , D., Wang, Q., Xie, M., Xu, Q., Ouyang, J., Xiao, Y., Song, Y., Feng, B., Xu, Q., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., Hao, Y., Luo, S., Zhang, X., Yang, Z., Peng, J., Wu, X., Ren, D., Huang, M., Lan, P., Tong, W., Ren, M., Wang, J., & Kang, L. (2022). Morbidity, Mortality, and Pathologic Outcomes of Transanal Versus Laparoscopic Total Mesorectal Excision for Rectal Cancer Short-term Outcomes From a Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial. Annals of Surgery, 277, 1 - 6.

Moolenaar LR, Ali M, Aufenacker TJ, et al. Adjuvant chemoradiotherapy versus completion total mesorectal excision after local excision for early rectal cancer (TESAR): a multicentre, randomised, controlled, phase 3, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2026;11:557-69.

Moons, L. M., B. Bastiaansen, M. Richir, W. L. Hazen, J. Tuynman, S. G. Elias, R. W. M. Schrauwen, F. P. Vleggaar, E. Dekker, P. Bos, A. Farina Sarasqueta, M. M. Lacle, R. Hompes and P. Didden (2022). "Endoscopic intermuscular dissection (EID) for deep submucosal invasive cancer in the rectum- a new endoscopic approach." Endoscopy.

Nakajima K, Saito H, Nishikawa Y. Shared Decision Making in the Management of High-Risk T1 Colorectal Cancer. Gastroenterology. 2026 Feb 3:S0016-5085(26)00094-6. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2025.11.028. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 41643861.

Ruppert R, Junginger T, Kube R, Strassburg J, Lewin A, Baral J, Maurer CA, Sauer J, Lauscher J, Winde G, Thomasmeyer R, Stelzner S, Bambauer C, Scheunemann S, Faedrich A, Wollschlaeger D, Merkel S. Risk-Adapted Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy in Rectal Cancer: Final Report of the OCUM Study. J Clin Oncol. 2023 Aug 20;41(24):4025-4034. doi: 10.1200/JCO.22.02166. Epub 2023 Jun 19. PMID: 37335957.

Serra-Aracil X, Nonell A, Gener-Jorge C, et al. Chemoradiotherapy and transanal endoscopic surgery versus transanal endoscopic surgery alone in T1N0M0 rectal cancer: a multicenter, randomized, controlled, phase III clinical trial (TAUTEM-T1 study). Int J Colorectal Dis. 2026;41(1):96. Published 2026 Apr 23. doi:10.1007/s00384-026-05112-y

Simon Parkinson Bach et al. STAR-TREC phase II: Can we save the rectum by watchful waiting or transanal surgery following (chemo)radiotherapy versus total mesorectal excision for early rectal cancer?. J Clin Oncol 40, 3502-3502(2022).

Van der Valk MJM, Hilling DE, Bastiaannet E, Meershoek-Klein Kranenbarg E, Beets GL, Figueiredo NL, Habr-Gama A, Perez RO, Renehan AG, van de Velde CJH; IWWD Consortium. Long-term outcomes of clinical complete responders after neoadjuvant treatment for rectal cancer in the International Watch & Wait Database (IWWD): an international multicentre registry study. Lancet. 2018 Jun 23;391(10139):2537-2545

Van Geffen EGM, Langhout JMA, Hazen SJA, Sluckin TC, van Dieren S, Beets GL, Beets-Tan RGH, Borstlap WAA, Burger JWA, Horsthuis K, Intven MPW, Aalbers AGJ, Havenga K, Marinelli AWKS, Melenhorst J, Nederend J, Peulen HMU, Rutten HJT, Schreurs WH, Tuynman JB, Verhoef C, de Wilt JHW, Marijnen CAM, Tanis PJ, Kusters M, On Behalf Of The Dutch Snapshot Research Group. Evolution of clinical nature, treatment and survival of locally recurrent rectal cancer: Comparative analysis of two national cross-sectional cohorts. Eur J Cancer. 2024 May;202:114021. doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2024.114021. Epub 2024 Mar 20. PMID: 38520925.

van Oostendorp, S. E., L. J. H. Smits, Y. Vroom, R. Detering, M. W. Heymans, L. M. G. Moons, P. J. Tanis, E. J. R. de Graaf, C. Cunningham, Q. Denost, M. Kusters and J. B. Tuynman (2020). "Local recurrence after local excision of early rectal cancer: a meta-analysis of completion TME, adjuvant (chemo)radiation, or no additional treatment." Br J Surg.

Wurschi GW, Hinz A, Schneider M, et al. Oxaliplatin-induced neuropathy after total neoadjuvant therapy for rectal cancer: Dose-response relationship and impact on quality of life. Int J Cancer. 2026;159(1):198-209. doi:10.1002/ijc.70396

Zwager, L. W., Bastiaansen, B. A., van der Spek, B. W., Heine, D. N., Schreuder, R. M., Perk, L. E., ... & Dekker, E. (2022). Endoscopic full-thickness resection of T1 colorectal cancers: a retrospective analysis from a multicenter Dutch eFTR registry. Endoscopy, 54(05), 475-485.